Using free virtual private network (VPN) services can pose privacy and security risks, as these services often have unclear revenue models and may not protect user data as promised. Some well-known providers offer limited free plans, hoping that users will eventually upgrade to paid versions. Others rely on advertising or collect more data than users might be comfortable with, without clearly explaining how they make money. A virtual private network (VPN) works by routing a device’s internet traffic through a remote server, encrypting the connection between the device and the server. This can help hide the user’s online activity from their internet service provider (ISP) or Wi-Fi network administrator. However, using a VPN does not guarantee complete anonymity. Websites can still track users through logged-in accounts, cookies, GPS data, and other identifiers. Many free VPNs come with limitations such as speed caps, data usage limits, or fewer server locations. Some streaming services and websites block traffic from known VPNs, which can be more frustrating if the service has limited servers to choose from. Additionally, it can be difficult to determine how safe a free VPN is just by looking at its app. The Federal Trade Commission has warned that some free apps earn money by collecting user data or displaying ads, which can compromise privacy. A 2026 study of Android-based VPN apps found that many had security issues, including leaking user data outside the encrypted connection and transmitting unencrypted information. Some apps even sent Android Advertising IDs, which can be used to track users. These findings show that even if a VPN app says it is "connected," it doesn’t necessarily mean the connection is secure. There have also been cases of malware disguised as free VPN tools, meaning users still need to use antivirus software alongside a VPN for full protection. When evaluating a free VPN, it's important to understand its business model. A free tier that is part of a paid subscription service is more transparent, as the funding source is clear. Providers that also sell subscriptions may be more trustworthy, but this isn’t a guarantee. Users should look for clear information about the provider’s ownership, privacy policy, and whether they have undergone independent security audits. The Electronic Frontier Foundation advises focusing on data collection practices, transparency, and third-party reviews rather than just marketing claims. A reliable free VPN should clearly explain how it secures the connection, use well-established encryption protocols, and include features like a kill switch, which blocks internet traffic if the connection drops. If a "free" service promises unlimited use but lacks transparency about its ownership, data practices, or revenue, it's best to avoid it.