Multilateralism faces a crisis as power rivalries fragment global cooperation. Yet universal institutions remain vital for global health and security, despite the rise of more agile but less inclusive coalitions.
Multilateralism faces a deep crisis
Multilateralism, the practice of international cooperation among many countries, is currently undergoing a significant crisis. The system, represented by institutions like the United Nations, is struggling due to increasing rivalries between major powers and the fragmentation of the international order into competing blocs.Institutions criticized for inefficiency
International institutions are often criticized for being slow and inefficient. Many of these organizations were established after World War II and are now seen as outdated in addressing the complex power dynamics of the 21st century. Political divisions often paralyze decision-making, and these institutions face challenges in adapting to new global realities.Rise of restricted cooperation
In response to the challenges of multilateralism, restricted forms of cooperation are becoming more common. These include groups like the G7 and G20, regional agreements, and coalitions of countries with shared interests. These smaller groups can make decisions more quickly and avoid the delays of seeking universal consensus.Advantages and concerns of minilateralism
While restricted cooperation can offer faster decision-making and greater flexibility, it raises concerns about legitimacy, equity, and responsibility. Questions arise about who is making decisions, on whose behalf, and what the consequences are for those not included in these smaller groups.Global health as a case study
In the field of global health, some functions require universal participation to be effective, such as monitoring infectious diseases. The ability to detect and respond to new pathogens depends on all countries contributing. A failure in one country can have global consequences, highlighting the necessity of universal cooperation in certain areas.The role of the WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a critical role in organizing global health surveillance, issuing alerts, and setting international standards. The withdrawal of the United States from the WHO has raised concerns about the risks of a fragmented global health system. This move reflects a broader shift toward bilateral agreements, which may lead to diverging health standards and monitoring systems.Reforming multilateralism
The need for reform is clear, but it does not require choosing between universal multilateralism and restricted cooperation. Instead, it calls for a balanced approach that preserves universal functions where they are essential, such as monitoring and alerting, while allowing for more flexible forms of cooperation in other areas.Strategic importance for Europe
For countries like France and the European Union, maintaining multilateralism is a strategic choice in a world increasingly shaped by power dynamics. While the European Union has the potential to lead efforts in preserving a rules-based international order, it faces limitations in political, financial, and military capacity. The challenge lies in effectively combining universal, regional, and restricted forms of cooperation.
