Pesticides in France: A complex landscape

Pesticides are widely used in French agriculture to control pests, weeds, and fungi. Over 70,000 tons were sold in 2024, with several substances, such as glyphosate and acétamipride, at the center of long-standing debates. The reauthorization of acétamipride, for example, was made possible by a constitutional council decision validating part of an agricultural emergency law.

Glyphosate: The most well-known pesticide

Glyphosate, sold in 8,269 tons in 2024, is used on large crops like cereals, potatoes, and onions, as well as in viticulture. Produced by Monsanto (now Bayer) and others, it blocks protein production in plants. Though banned for individuals in 2019, its use continues at the European level after a 2023 reauthorization. Its safety remains controversial, with studies linking it to cancer and endocrine disruption.

Sulfur: The most sold pesticide

Sulfur, the most sold pesticide in France with 16,880 tons in 2024, is used in viticulture and horticulture. It is considered a "natural" substance, used in both conventional and organic farming. However, it can accumulate in soils and pose risks to aquatic life. It is part of a top five list that includes glyphosate and other substances used in organic agriculture.

CMR substances: The most toxic for human health

Pesticides classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic (CMR) are among the most dangerous for human health. In 2024, 16% of pesticides used in France fall into this category, down from 27% in 2009. Pendimethalin, a herbicide, is the top-selling CMR substance, used in cereals to prevent weeds. Its long-term effects on fertility and DNA are a concern.

Neonicotinoids: The most toxic for biodiversity

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, were completely banned in France in 2023 due to their harmful effects on pollinators like bees. These substances are systemic, meaning they spread through the plant from roots to flowers, and can kill insects at extremely low doses. Acétamipride, a less toxic variant, remains controversial and has been the subject of political and agricultural lobbying.

Prosulfocarbe: The most volatile pesticide

Prosulfocarbe, sold in 5,849 tons in 2024, is a herbicide known for its high volatility. It easily evaporates after application, spreading through the air and contaminating distant areas. This makes it a significant environmental concern, as it has been found in regions where it is not used, such as Sweden. It is also a major pollutant in the air over France.

Chlordécone: The most persistent in soils

Chlordécone, an insecticide banned in France in 1990 and in the Antilles in 1993, remains in the environment for centuries. It was used in banana plantations to combat pests, leading to long-term contamination of soil and water. The substance has been linked to health issues, including prostate cancer, and efforts to compensate victims are ongoing.

Pesticides in our food

Pesticide residues are present in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. Some banned substances, like acétamipride, can still be found due to derogations or imports from countries with weaker regulations. Studies show that up to 62% of plant-based foods contain pesticide residues, with some containing more than ten different substances. Scientists are investigating the long-term effects of exposure to these chemical mixtures.

PFAS: The most eternal pollutants

PFAS, or "eternal pollutants," are a group of pesticides with extreme persistence in the environment and human body. Over 30 pesticides contain these substances, and their use has increased significantly in recent years. They are used in agriculture on crops like cereals and fruits, and their long-term health effects are still being studied.