Deciphering ancient scripts provides valuable insight into lost languages and cultures, yet many remain undeciphered despite ongoing research. Philologist Silvia Ferrara from the University of Bologna, who leads the European research program Inscribe, emphasizes the importance of such work. She points to recent breakthroughs, such as the decipherment of Linear Elamite in 2022, but notes that scripts like Rongorongo from Easter Island and the Indus Valley script still resist interpretation. The Rongorongo script, found on 27 wooden objects with a total of 17,000 signs, is considered one of the most isolated writing systems. Scholars debate whether it is proto-writing or a true writing system inspired by others. A 2024 carbon-14 study placed its use in the 15th century, centuries before European contact. Franco-Russian linguist Konstantin Pozdniakov's analysis suggests the script includes about fifty common signs, with variations and complements. The Inscribe project is digitizing these inscriptions to better understand their structure and usage. The Indus Valley script, found on seals and pottery, remains another challenge. Tamil Nadu offered a $1 million reward in 2025 for its decipherment. Although 5,000 known "texts" exist, each typically contains only five signs. Specialists suggest it may follow a logosyllabic system, similar to other writing systems, but no definitive translation has been achieved. Some propose links to ancient Dravidian or Vedic languages, while others believe it might represent a system of political or religious symbols. The Etruscan script, written in an archaic Greek alphabet, remains undeciphered due to the unknown language behind it. Etruscan is non-Indo-European and has no known relatives, making translation extremely difficult. Researchers use combinatorial methods to trace word meanings, relying on a corpus of about 11,000 inscriptions, mostly short and repetitive in nature. The Minoan civilization on Crete developed several scripts, including Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, and the enigmatic Phaistos Disk. Linear B, deciphered in 1952, is based on an archaic Greek dialect. Linear A, used between 1800 and 1450 BCE, remains undeciphered despite some identifiable characters. The Phaistos Disk, with 242 unique signs, remains a mystery. Advancements in decipherment increasingly rely on interdisciplinary approaches, including artificial intelligence and deep learning. Silvia Ferrara highlights the need for collaboration between linguists, cognitive scientists, and computer scientists. Linguist Francesco Perono Cacciafoco has used brute-force algorithms to test combinations between Linear A signs and syllables of ancient Aegean languages, identifying repetitive patterns and phonetic similarities. The Voynich Manuscript, discovered in 1912 and dated to the 15th century, features an unknown script and drawings. Linguist Claire Bowern applied statistical tools to analyze its structure, suggesting it may not be a classical spoken language but resembles a natural system. The manuscript may have been written by at least four individuals using different methods, adding to its enigma.