Deep-sea exploration and security face challenges from technological limits and geopolitical tensions, as seen in incidents like the 2023 Titan disaster and underwater cable sabotage.
Deep sea exploration challenges
Rear Admiral Cédric Chetaille, head of the joint military digital command, discussed the difficulties of accessing and surveilling the deep sea, using the 2023 Titan submersible disaster as an example. The Titan, a private submersible, exploded at 3800 meters while exploring the Titanic wreck, highlighting the risks of deep-sea operations.Deep sea environment and conflicts
The deep sea is an environment with little transparency, making it a potential hotspot for conflicts between states. Actions in this area are hard to attribute due to the lack of visibility, complicating international relations and security efforts.Surveillance challenges in the deep sea
Surveillance in the deep sea is hindered by the inability of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, to pass through water. This leaves sound and autonomous devices like robots or drones as the primary means of observation, which are less effective than surface-based methods.Underwater infrastructure and sabotage
Underwater cables, including optical fiber communication cables, gas pipelines, and electrical cables, are critical infrastructure. Between 2023 and 2025, incidents of cable damage in the Baltic Sea raised concerns, with Russian services suspected but not confirmed. The method involves dragging an anchor over the seabed to break the cables.Sophisticated sabotage methods
At greater depths, more advanced methods such as mechanical rupture, shearing, and explosive charges can be used. In the Baltic Sea, where the seabed is not very deep, an anchor is sufficient, but in the middle of the Atlantic, dual-use drones can be used for sabotage, increasing the complexity of underwater security.China's underwater capabilities
China has developed a concept of "submerged aircraft carriers" or underwater hives for drones, which can be used for both civilian and military purposes. These include monitoring underwater installations, mining, and scientific research, reflecting China's growing interest in deep-sea technology.Russia's advanced submarine designs
Russia has developed "matryoshka" submarines, which carry smaller manned submarines to greater depths. This technology allows for extended operations in the deep sea, enhancing both military and strategic capabilities.France's deep-sea exploration
France has a strong presence in deep-sea exploration, with the Nautile, a scientific vessel that has completed about 2200 dives since 1984. The French Navy plans to acquire drones and robots capable of reaching 6000 meters of depth, supporting both scientific and national interests.Dual-use technologies in the deep sea
The challenges of the deep sea involve both scientific exploration and national sovereignty. Technologies used in this environment are often dual-use, serving both civilian and military purposes, which complicates international cooperation and regulation.
