During adolescence, the body undergoes significant changes in its natural sleep-wake rhythm. These changes, when combined with early school start times, can lead to chronic sleep deprivation, which has notable effects on health. Teenagers often experience prolonged sleep latency, meaning it takes them longer to fall asleep, and they may get less deep sleep, which is crucial for physical and mental restoration. Additionally, many adolescents experience a phase delay, meaning they naturally tend to go to bed and wake up later. This shift is connected to reduced sensitivity to morning light and a later peak in melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. These challenges are often worsened by screen time, which can further disrupt sleep patterns. The sleep changes during adolescence can affect alertness, cognitive abilities, mood, behavior, and even weight. Over time, insufficient sleep is linked to increased energy intake, a higher risk of becoming overweight, and potential cardiometabolic issues. Some teens may use stimulants like caffeine during the day and turn to cannabis or alcohol in the evening, which can make sleep problems worse. For those with major depressive disorder, only about 36.4% report getting enough sleep, and better sleep quality and duration are significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Adolescent insomnia is defined similarly to adult insomnia, involving complaints about insufficient or poor-quality sleep, along with daytime issues such as fatigue or difficulty concentrating. If it occurs at least three nights a week, it is considered chronic. Treatments typically focus on behavioral and lifestyle changes, such as chronotherapy and light therapy, rather than medication. Chronotherapy involves gradually adjusting bedtime and wake-up times to realign the sleep schedule. Behavioral measures, like maintaining a consistent wake-up time and limiting screen use before bed, are often recommended but are not always well accepted by teenagers. Parents, concerned about their child's tiredness, may allow them to sleep in on weekends, which can worsen the phase delay and lead to difficulties in attending school. A more acceptable alternative for some teens is a "sleep deprivation protocol," where they stay up for an entire night or even two, followed by a day without napping. Light therapy, which involves exposure to bright light in the morning, may also be recommended by sleep specialists, though it is not yet fully validated for use in children and adolescents. Medications are rarely prescribed for teens and are typically reserved for specialists. The National Academy of Medicine highlights the importance of education and prevention, suggesting the creation of a National Observatory on children and adolescents' sleep, lifestyle reforms, and the inclusion of sleep monitoring in pediatric care. It also recommends public awareness campaigns and integrating sleep education into school curricula to address these challenges effectively.