Excavations in the Cour Carrée of the Louvre have uncovered nearly 950 objects or metal fragments in the well of the donjon of Philippe Auguste, dating back to before 1528. These fragments, including gilded sheets, were recovered and partially reconstructed into a parade helmet attributed to King Charles VI. The Louvre presents the discovery as both an investigation and a potential crime scene, given the appearance of the fragments. The site, opened on March 19, 1984, covers a 2.5-hectare area beneath the paving stones. Archaeologists Michel Fleury and Yves de Kisch led the 1984-1985 campaign, which involved over 80 people working full-time over an area larger than three football fields, according to the Larousse 1987 Yearbook.
Beneath the Cour Carrée, the foundations of the donjon and the enclosure were uncovered over a height of 7 meters. The moat of the large tower was dry, filled in 1528, the year of the donjon's destruction. The outer moats were supplied by the Seine. The donjon measured approximately 15 meters in diameter, with a moat about 7 meters deep. At the center was the donjon well, which Michel Fleury explored to the bottom, finding a heap of metal fragments. Nearly all were broken, scratched, or twisted, and bore signs of alteration.
Conservator Clara Bernard noted nearly a thousand fragments of gilded sheet metal, mineralized at the core, unearthed in the 1980s. Their reconstruction was carried out at the C2RMF, the Center for Research and Restoration of French Museums. The discovery dates back to 1984 during the Grand Louvre works. The helmet is only part of the heap, and the counts of 950 objects with Fleury and nearly a thousand fragments with Bernard may not refer to the same set. The Louvre's collection database mentions more than 150 pieces for the reconstructed object, explaining its lacunary state. The object's gilding suggests it is an exceptional piece.
The identification of the helmet as royal came from a gilded copper crown bearing the motto "En Bien" and pennants with winged deer, emblems of Charles VI. The 1411 inventory describes a gilded iron hat with fleur-de-lys, a crown, winged deer, and the mention "EN BIEN." The fleur-de-lys decoration indicates a royal object. The Louvre notice dates the helmet to before 1411, with its attribution to Charles VI dated in 2003. The helmet consists of two parts: the crown and a crown fixed at the lower edge, above the visor. Made of engraved, gilded, and enamelled copper, it is a parade helmet rather than a war or jousting helmet. The Louvre notice suggests the object may have been stolen to recover its precious metal, then broken and thrown into the well before 1528. The condition of the fragments supports this hypothesis but does not prove it. The remains of the donjon can still be visited in the Sully wing, with the "Medieval Louvre" tour presenting remains from the periods of Philippe Auguste and Charles V. The reconstructed helmet is displayed in room 136, at level -1 of the Sully wing. The 1984 discovery was attributed to Charles VI in 2003, nearly 19 years later. If the helmet appeared in the 1411 inventory, it could have ended up at the bottom of the well within a window of at most 117 years, until the destruction of the donjon in 1528.
Archaeological Discoveries Reveal Medieval Metal Fragments in Louvre's Cour Carrée
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