Chile's reforestation policy, introduced in the 1970s, has led to serious environmental problems, including water shortages and a higher risk of wildfires. This policy, known as decree-law 701 of 1974, encouraged the planting of non-native tree species such as pine and eucalyptus. These trees were chosen for their fast growth and economic value, but they have had unintended effects on the environment. In regions like Biobío, these species have altered the natural water cycle by using more water than native forests. According to a 2021 cadastral survey of plant resources, forest plantations now cover about 3.11 million hectares in Chile. Nearly 60% of these are radiata pines and 33% are eucalyptus. These non-native trees have deep roots and grow densely, which allows them to absorb much more water than native species. This has led to the depletion of groundwater and rivers, affecting both the environment and local communities. The policy was officially abolished in 2013, but the damage to the landscape has already been significant. Studies have shown that the large-scale planting of pine and eucalyptus has become a major cause of megafires in the Maule, Ñuble, and Biobío regions. The way these plantations are harvested—often through clear-cutting—has worsened soil erosion and made the land more vulnerable during dry periods. In rural communes like Purén, these plantations now extend close to populated areas, making it harder to control and prevent fires. The experience in Chile serves as a cautionary tale for reforestation efforts elsewhere. It highlights the importance of considering water availability and local biodiversity when planning such projects, rather than focusing only on economic gains. The long-term environmental consequences of planting non-native species have become a key lesson for future reforestation strategies.