At the South Col of Mount Everest, located nearly 8,000 meters above sea level, a significant amount of waste has accumulated over decades. Items such as empty oxygen bottles, remnants of tents, and frozen ropes have piled up in this high-altitude region, which is the last camp before reaching the summit. Despite efforts by the Nepalese government—including stricter regulations, taxes, and the use of drones—the area remains one of the most polluted and challenging places to clean on the mountain. Estimates suggest that waste in the upper camps ranges between 35 and 50 tonnes, though precise numbers are difficult to determine due to the frozen terrain and the age of some debris, which could be as old as forty years.
The standard route to Everest’s summit via the South Col has become a heavily trafficked passage, with hundreds of climbers, Sherpas, and support teams passing through a series of camps each spring. This heavy use has led to the accumulation of various types of waste, such as empty oxygen bottles, torn tents, food packaging, and abandoned equipment, transforming the area into a sort of "suspended dump." Since 2014, Nepal has required climbers to bring down at least 8 kilograms of waste from the mountain, with a penalty of $4,000 for non-compliance. However, this system has not been effective, and officials admit that the waste problem has persisted for over a decade, with the deposit system becoming more of an administrative challenge than a solution.
The primary difficulty in cleaning the area is the extreme altitude, which limits human capacity. Climbers at the South Col breathe air with about a third of the normal oxygen level, and harsh weather can quickly turn into blizzards. Transporting additional waste in such conditions can be a matter of life and death, not comfort. Cleaning operations often require waiting for good weather to melt ice, which is not feasible due to the difficulty of staying at such altitudes. To address the issue, a new rule introduced for the 2026 climbing season requires climbers to bring down at least two kilograms of waste collected above Camp II in addition to the existing eight kilograms requirement. This measure targets the upper camps, where waste has accumulated for decades. The Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee (SPCC) has also tightened management of excrement, aiming to prevent climbers from fulfilling their waste quotas by collecting debris from lower areas.
Technologically, drones have been used to collect debris, with two heavy-lift drones recovering nearly 300 kilograms of waste during the last climbing season. This reduces the need to expose human porters to the most dangerous sections. Financially, the refundable deposit has been replaced by a non-refundable tax of around $4,000, with new checkpoints and guards ensuring compliance. Climate warming is further complicating the situation by exposing previously buried waste and bodies. In recent years, some expeditions have focused on recovering bodies rather than reaching the summit. A Nepalese military official noted that global warming is causing bodies and waste to become increasingly visible as snow layers decrease. The exact number of bodies still on the mountain is unknown, with estimates ranging from several hundred to no official count. The melting of glaciers is revealing what was once hidden, creating an "inverse trap" where waste and remains resurface without human intervention.
Everest's Upper Camps Face Persistent Waste and Environmental Challenges
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