Human and primate heart differences identified

A recent study by researchers at the Max Delbrück Center in Germany has uncovered surprising differences between human hearts and those of non-human primates. These findings could lead to new ways of understanding and treating heart diseases.

Shared DNA but different gene expression

Humans and non-human primates share about 98 to 99 percent of their DNA with chimpanzees. However, the differences in their bodies are due to variations in gene expression, which determines how genes are activated or deactivated in cells.

Gene expression influences physical traits

Gene expression plays a critical role in physical characteristics. For instance, a gene responsible for skin color may be more active in humans than in chimpanzees, leading to different pigmentation. Similar differences are found in the cardiovascular system, including variations in heart size, shape, and function.

New genetic adaptations discovered

The study used advanced molecular biology techniques, such as RNA sequencing and Ribo-seq, to examine cardiac tissue from multiple species. Researchers identified over 1,000 genetic adaptations specific to each species, including 551 genes and 504 microproteins found only in the human heart.

Evolutionary adaptations in heart function

Humans generally have a slower heart rate compared to macaques. This difference is linked to evolutionary and physiological needs. Macaques, which require quick responses to their environment, have faster heartbeats, while humans, who walk upright, have evolved a more efficient heart that beats more slowly.

Genetic deregulation and heart disease

Some genes crucial to human heart function show signs of deregulation in diseases like dilated cardiomyopathy. This suggests that the unique adaptations of the human heart may also make it more vulnerable to certain heart conditions.