Neandertals worked wood between 62,000 and 45,000 years ago, as shown by findings at the Abric Romani site in Spain. Researchers have uncovered numerous impressions of wooden artifacts, allowing them to reconstruct tools and weapons from the Paleolithic era. Organic materials like wood are rarely preserved in archaeological sites due to decay from environmental factors and biological activity. However, the Abric Romani site has exceptional preservation, thanks to calcium carbonate precipitation that formed a protective layer, leaving behind detailed carbonated scale molds of the wooden artifacts. These impressions are so precise that they reveal the histological features of the wood, offering rare insights into Neandertal craftsmanship. The research team, led by Palmira Saladié from the Catalan Institute of Human Paleoenvironment and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), has inventoried 597 wooden specimens. Approximately 90% of these were identified as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The wooden artifacts were found in 16 different archaeological layers, dating from around 62,000 to 40,000 years ago. Among these, 13 pieces were clearly shaped by human hands. In one layer, two spears were discovered—one of them, the best-preserved, measured 2.45 meters and was shaped as a thrusting spear. Another spear was found in fragments, embedded in rock, with a fine tip and surrounded by branches and a pine cone, suggesting it may have broken and was then discarded. In the same layer, remains of four deer, including three adult male skulls with antlers, were found near a fire and one of the spears. This suggests the deer were hunted during autumn or winter. A unique wooden object from a different layer was carved from a single piece of wood, featuring a 16-centimeter handle and a triangular head, indicating meticulous scraping. The handle and head formed a sharp right angle, with the handle slightly thickened at the end, possibly to prevent slipping during use. Researchers suggest this object may have been a mace or weapon. In other layers, researchers found four flat, carbonized bark pieces, oval in shape and measuring between 30 and 55 centimeters. These may have been used as plates or shovels and were found near fires, made of juniper and pine. In another layer, three straight sticks, the longest measuring 1.70 meters, were found resting on a thick fire, possibly used to elevate food. A 5.10-meter-long pole, pruned of branches, was found in the center of a shelter, surrounded by five fires. This pole may have been part of a triangular structure, possibly a windbreak or a small cabin, though researchers caution that a single pole does not confirm Neandertal architecture. The findings show that Neandertals used wood for various purposes, including fuel, tools, and possibly construction, highlighting their advanced woodworking skills.