New fossil evidence suggests that Tasmanian devils, the iconic carnivorous marsupials now found only on the island of Tasmania, once lived alongside humans in the remote outback of Western Australia around 45,000 years ago. This discovery, published in the journal Archaeology in Oceania, shows that devils were more widely distributed across mainland Australia in the past. Previous remains have been found in various regions, including southern Australia, the Nullarbor Plain, central Australia, Queensland, the Northern Territory, and parts of southern Western Australia. However, the Pilbara region had lacked clear evidence of their presence until now. The study presents the first definitive proof of Tasmanian devils in the Pilbara, found at the Juukan 2 rockshelter on the traditional lands of the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura people. Located on the western Hamersley Plateau, Juukan 2 has been used by humans for at least 47,000 years, including during the Last Glacial Maximum—a period of extreme cold. The site is notable for preserving a detailed record of human and animal life, as well as environmental changes. However, this record was partially damaged in 2020 due to mining activities, though ongoing research and restoration are being led by the Traditional Owners of the land. The strongest evidence for devils at Juukan comes from two fossils: a lower jaw dated between 6,900 and 7,300 years old, and a fragment of a lower premolar dated between 42,500 and 47,100 years old. Additional evidence includes more than 8,000 cataloged animal bones, with over 1,000 showing gnawing marks from various animals, including devils. Analysis of 55 of these bones revealed at least 10 with tooth-pit dimensions matching those of Tasmanian devils. These marks were found in layers dating back to the pre–Last Glacial Maximum, post-glacial, and Holocene periods, indicating that devils scavenged at the site for tens of thousands of years. The study also analyzed 263 digested bone fragments found in the rockshelter. These are too large to have come from the prey of smaller carnivores in the area, suggesting they were digested by a larger predator, such as a Tasmanian devil. Together, the fossils, tooth marks, and digested bones suggest that devils were a regular part of the scavenger community at Juukan, adapting to environmental changes over a long period. The findings also reveal the ecological relationship between humans and devils. Many of the larger animal bones found at Juukan were brought into the shelter and processed by humans, while smaller bones were often deposited by owls. The devil-like chewing marks are found on the larger bones associated with human activity, suggesting that human camps may have provided a reliable food source for devils for tens of thousands of years. The study also complements rock art found in the Murujuga region, which depicts animals resembling Tasmanian devils. Marine shell beads found at Juukan suggest that people or objects moved between inland and coastal areas during the Holocene, potentially spreading knowledge of animals like devils. However, no evidence suggests the two devil fossils were eaten or processed by humans, implying they may have scavenged and died at the site. Tasmanian devils disappeared from mainland Australia about 3,200 years ago, after dingoes arrived and spread across the continent. While dingoes are often blamed for the devils' extinction due to competition for food, the study offers another possibility: Dingoes may have displaced devils from scavenging near human camps. If devils had relied on animal remains discarded by people for tens of thousands of years, the arrival of dingoes—closely associated with humans—may have cut off that reliable food source. The study underscores the importance of sites like Juukan, which preserve a detailed record of the evolving relationships between people, predators, and prey over nearly 47,000 years. These findings contribute to our understanding of ancient ecosystems and the complex interactions between humans and the natural world.