Evolution of battle tanks

The battle tank has undergone significant changes in design and crew configuration since its early days, moving from simple two-man models like the Renault FT to the more complex German A7V. By the end of World War II, the standard Main Battle Tank (MBT) had a four-member crew: the commander, loader, driver, and gunner.

Automation and crew roles

Modern automation in tanks aims to reduce crew exposure to combat and increase the vehicle's survivability. However, these systems do not eliminate the need for a human crew entirely, distinguishing them from drone technology, which involves vehicles without onboard crews. Automation represents a step toward dronization but is not yet fully autonomous.

Scripted operation and automation

The NIST SP 1011-I-2.0 outlines a first level of automation in Unmanned Systems (UMS), where machines follow pre-programmed sequences without adapting to environmental changes. This includes fixed actions, triggers from human commands or sensors, and no adaptation to unexpected events. The automatic loader in tanks is an example of this first stage of automation.

Automatic loading systems

The automatic loader is a key innovation that reduces the need for a human loader. Three types of systems exist: the rotating barrels of the AMX-13, the carousel of the T-60 and T-72, and the niche conveyor of the Leclerc. The AMX-13, developed in the 1950s, used two rotating barrels to achieve a high rate of fire, while the T-64 introduced a more advanced electro-hydraulic system.

Challenges and limitations

Despite these advancements, automated loading systems have faced challenges. The AMX-13 had issues with exposure to combat gases and required manual reloading after firing all its shells. The T-64 improved on this with a more reliable system, but Western designers were hesitant due to safety and reliability concerns, particularly the risk of chain reactions if armor was breached.

Modern solutions and maintenance

Modern tanks like the Leopard 2 and XM1 have separate ammunition compartments to reduce the risk of chain reactions. However, reducing the crew size to three members increases maintenance workload, as seen in the T-64A, where a three-man crew spent significantly more time on maintenance than a four-man crew would have.

Success of the Leclerc

The Leclerc tank, in service for 30 years, has successfully implemented automated loading and is part of a broader transformation in tank design. This includes vétronique, a system that integrates electronics into the tank's architecture, allowing for real-time communication between subsystems and improving overall performance.

Vétronique and digital architecture

Vétronique, a term combining "vehicle" and "electronics," represents a shift in tank design toward a centralized digital network. The Leclerc uses this system, inspired by the Mirage 2000, to improve control, mission management, and maintenance. This allows for multifunctional roles within the crew, making the tank more versatile and efficient.

Crew roles and multifunctionality

Modern tanks like the Leclerc have transformed crew roles into multifunctional operators. The commander becomes a central node in a tactical network, using advanced systems to designate targets and manage multiple tasks. The gunner supervises multi-weapon engagements, and the system allows for operational continuity even if a crew member is incapacitated.

Cognitive challenges and AI

Despite technological advancements, the cognitive load on tank commanders has increased. Some Western tanks still retain a four-member crew to manage this load, with roles like a commander's assistant or system operator. The integration of AI aims to reduce this burden by assisting with decision-making and maintaining critical manual skills in case of system failure.