Scientists at the University of Warwick have discovered that a well-known superconducting material, previously thought to have a uniform structure, is actually made up of different crystal arrangements throughout its interior. This revelation was made possible by using an advanced 3D imaging technique to look inside the material for the first time. The research, published in the journal Physical Review Letters, was conducted in collaboration with the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in France. The material studied is a type of superconductor called a cuprate, which is copper-based and can conduct electricity without resistance at very cold temperatures, though higher than those required by traditional superconductors. For decades, scientists believed that the crystal structure of cuprate superconductors was consistent throughout the material. However, using a technique known as scanning 3D X-ray diffraction, the research team was able to create a detailed three-dimensional image of the material’s interior. What they found was surprising: the crystal was not uniform but instead divided into regions with two slightly different atomic arrangements. These regions were separated by boundaries that were much wider than previously thought—so wide that they almost behaved like structures on their own. Professor Mark Senn of the University of Warwick’s Department of Chemistry, who led the study, explained that the assumption of a uniform crystal structure has been a key part of many existing theories about superconductivity. The new findings challenge this assumption, revealing that the crystal structure is more like a patchwork with distinct regions and large boundary areas. These features could play a role in how the material conducts electricity without resistance. The researchers believe that such hidden structural variations might be common in other types of cuprate superconductors and even in similar materials being studied for superconductivity under high pressure. The study also highlights the significance of the 3D imaging technique used, which became possible due to a recent upgrade at the ESRF. This method allows scientists to examine materials in greater detail than ever before, offering new insights into the complex structures that govern superconductivity. The findings could lead to a better understanding of how superconductors work and potentially help in the development of more efficient superconducting materials for future technologies.