In the high mountains of Norway, ice has long preserved objects lost by hunters of the past. As glaciers recede rapidly due to climate change, the remnants they expose are becoming increasingly ancient. Glacial archaeology, the study of artifacts uncovered by melting ice, is now revealing weapons from the Stone Age.
The Norwegian program Secrets of the Ice recovered during the 2026 season forty-eight prehistoric arrows uncovered by the melting of the glaciers in the Jotunheimen massif in the east of the country. Until now, most of the objects returned by these glaciers dated back to the Viking era, approximately 2,000 years. However, the oldest ice is also giving way, and glacial archaeology is now revealing weapons that are 5,000 to 6,000 years old.
The 2026 collection exceeds anything the team had experienced in twenty years. On the glaciers of Kvitingskjølen, Langfonne, and Storfonne, archaeologists collected points chiseled from slate, bone, and even a freshwater shell. The most recent, a complete arrow still equipped with its wooden shaft, is nearly 1,800 years old. The oldest exceed five millennia, an age that wood and bone never survive outdoors.
These weapons outline a forgotten high-altitude hunting. Earlier, reindeer climbed onto the ice plates to escape the heat and insects, and hunters followed them. A missed arrow would then fly into the snow, where the freeze sealed it for millennia instead of letting it rot. Each recovered point thus betrays the location of an ancient hunting ground, invisible the rest of the time.
Before 2006, almost everything coming out of these glaciers dated back to the Viking era or the Middle Ages, less than 2,000 years. The trend has reversed. Objects uncovered today increasingly belong to the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, like this arrowhead in a shell about 3,600 years old.
The explanation lies in the structure of the snow itself. The deepest ice is also the oldest, and it is now melting, releasing the layers that contained the oldest objects. In twenty years, the program has thus recovered nearly 5,000 artifacts and cataloged 73 sites, a rate that is accelerating with the climate. The surface layers, on the other hand, had already delivered their medieval relics in the last century.
This window is closing quickly, at the pace of the melting of the glaciers. Glaciologists estimate that most of the archaeological ice plates will have disappeared within twenty years, while some have been accumulating ice for 6,000 to 7,000 years. Each recovered object is therefore both a find and a loss, because the ice that protected it will not reform. Due to time constraints, some pieces degrade on the ground before even being noticed.
For Espen Finstad, who leads the excavations, recent campaigns are taking place in a more serious atmosphere than before, as the great snows of yesterday are reducing to fragments. The teams plan to intensify summer surveys as long as the ice continues to deliver its archives, before the warming closes this frozen deposit.
Glacial Melting Unearths Stone Age Weapons in Norway
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