A recent study by Nicolas Berrod examines how different French cities will be affected by climate change by the year 2100. The research uses data from Météo France, the Tracc (a reference trajectory for climate change adaptation), and Corine Land Cover, which maps land use across Europe. The study predicts that France's average temperature will rise by 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2050 and 4 degrees Celsius by 2100 compared to pre-industrial levels. These changes are expected to bring more extreme weather conditions, including higher temperatures, more frequent droughts, and an increased risk of forest fires. Mediterranean coastal cities are identified as the most vulnerable. These include Sète, Agde, Marseille, Avignon, Arles, Marignane, Montpellier, Martigues, La Seyne-sur-Mer, and Perpignan. These cities could experience more than 100 tropical nights per year by 2100—nights when temperatures remain above 25°C, making sleep difficult. The study notes that rising sea levels will further threaten coastal areas, even though being near the sea can offer benefits like fresh air. The analysis considers several factors, such as average temperatures, hot days, rainfall, coastal flooding, drought risk, and changes in soil, which can lead to costly damage. In contrast, the least threatened cities are located in the northwest of France, including Fougères, Hazebrouck, Lannion, Brest, Béthune, Armentières, Bruay-la-Buissière, Arras, Mont-Saint-Aignan, and Quimper. According to Berrod, these cities are often inland and less exposed to rising sea levels. However, other factors like urbanization can increase climate risks in more populated areas due to the urban heat island effect, where cities become significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. While the study highlights Mediterranean cities as the most at risk, other organizations have different findings. For example, the XDI organization suggests that cities in the Hauts-de-France region may face the most significant threats by 2050 due to flood risks. This shows that the impact of climate change can vary by region and that different factors contribute to the vulnerability of different cities.