Social movements shape democracy through strikes and protests, but growing repression and political shifts risk escalating violence and undermining democratic balance.
Social movements and balance of power
Democracy is influenced by social movements that use speech and other forms of non-violent pressure, such as strikes and blockades, to express their demands and influence power structures. These movements aim to create a balance of power without resorting to violence, though this balance is becoming harder to achieve due to economic and political changes, as well as new laws regulating strikes and protests.Historical context of protests
Violent demonstrations, such as those on October 17, are not new in France. Similar events include the yellow vests protests in 2018, youth protests in 2005 and 2023, and environmental movements like the ZAD of Notre-Dame-des-Landes and the Sivens dam protests. These movements have often involved clashes with authorities and, in some cases, resulted in fatalities, such as the death of Rémi Fraisse in 2014.Role of police and repression
The use of force by police and the perception of illegitimate force by state agents are significant factors in the erosion of democratic principles. When citizens feel their protests are met with excessive force, it can lead to a cycle of conflict and a loss of trust in institutions. This dynamic is central to how social movements interact with the state and its power structures.Right to strike and its legal recognition
The right to strike has been formally recognized in French law since the IVe Republic, following a long history of repressed mobilizations. Strikes are seen as legitimate tools for workers to demand fair treatment and influence decisions. However, even with legal recognition, social movements often struggle to achieve their goals due to political resistance and economic challenges.Changing forms of mobilization
Over the past two decades, social movements have faced setbacks, such as the failure of the yellow vests movement to change fuel prices or the inability of youth protests to address police violence effectively. Despite large demonstrations, reforms like pension and labor laws have continued, often without significant concessions from the government.Erosion of popular power
The weakening of popular power is linked to economic shifts, globalization, and the decline of social state institutions. Governments increasingly make decisions influenced by supranational bodies and technocrats, leaving citizens feeling disconnected from the political process. This has led to a perception that decisions affecting daily life are made without public input.Challenges for service workers
Strikes by service workers are more complex than those in industry, as they can cause immediate disruptions for the public, including travelers and students. These actions can lead to misunderstandings and reduced solidarity, even when they are non-violent. The risk of being seen as violent increases when such disruptions occur in public spaces.Legal constraints on collective action
French laws, such as the 2007 law on social dialogue and public service continuity, have limited the effectiveness of strikes and protests in influencing public policy. Governments increasingly recognize balance of power only in the market, not in social or political domains, despite allowing public expression of opinions.Detentions and injuries during protests
Since the start of the student movement, thousands of people have been detained, with a significant number being minors. Several teenagers have suffered serious injuries due to the use of intermediate force weapons by police. These incidents highlight the risks associated with protests and the potential for escalation when demonstrations turn confrontational.Expressive violence and political response
The violence seen on October 17, like in previous years, serves as a form of expression to highlight the perceived illegitimate use of force by authorities. This often targets symbols of state power, such as police and government buildings. The government's response, including strengthening repressive measures, risks further alienating citizens and undermining the legitimacy of the state's authority.
