First responders who were at Ground Zero during the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center continue to face long-term health risks. These risks include exposure to neurotoxic dust, which can harm the nervous system, and severe psychological trauma from the experience of the attacks. Many first responders have described the intense physical and emotional challenges they faced, such as an inability to think, see, or smell, and the overwhelming pressure to focus on removing debris and saving lives. These conditions have led to lasting physical and mental health issues for many. Similar health risks have been reported among first responders involved in other major disasters, such as earthquakes in Venezuela, Colombia, and Indonesia, and floods in Nepal. In these situations, first responders often encounter toxic gases, dust, and the emotional burden of recovering human remains from rubble. These experiences can lead to long-term physical ailments and mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown that first responders are particularly vulnerable to both physical and mental health problems during and after emergency operations. PTSD is a common issue among those who have experienced traumatic events. For example, about 23% of World Trade Center first responders have been diagnosed with PTSD, compared to around 6% of the general U.S. population. PTSD can cause symptoms such as intrusive memories, heightened alertness, sleep disturbances, and changes in mood or thought, often accompanied by anxiety and depression. Studies have also revealed that exposure to trauma can accelerate brain aging. One study of over 5,000 World Trade Center first responders found that those with the most severe exposure to neurotoxic dust and debris had a higher incidence of dementia compared to those with less exposure or who used protective equipment. Brain scans showed similar increases in deposits of beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline, among first responders and others exposed to industrial pollutants. A 2025 study further found that first responders with PTSD had brains that appeared approximately three years older than their actual age, based on MRI scans and AI analysis. Each additional month spent working at Ground Zero was linked to about four to five additional months of brain aging. The long-term health consequences of these events require comprehensive support across mental, cognitive, physical, and social aspects of well-being. Many first responders experience recurring memories and emotional distress on the anniversaries of these events, but many also express pride and a strong sense of belonging for their service. As a society, it is important to ensure that those who respond to emergencies receive the care and support they need to maintain their health and well-being throughout their lives.