The medicinal use of cannabis has drawn significant research interest because of its molecules' ability to interact with a regulatory system found in the human body known as the **endocannabinoid system**. This system plays a role in regulating various functions such as pain, appetite, memory, mood, and certain immune responses. It includes molecules produced by the body, like anandamide and 2-AG, as well as enzymes and cellular receptors. Two main types of receptors, CB1 and CB2, are involved. CB1 receptors are mainly found in the central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more commonly present in immune-related cells, though their distribution is more complex. Plant-based cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), can interact with these receptors, either directly or indirectly, which can affect signal transmission in the body. This interaction explains both the potential medical benefits and the possibility of side effects. THC is known to activate CB1 receptors, contributing to effects like pain relief, reduction of nausea, and muscle relaxation. However, it is also associated with changes in perception, alertness, and memory. Due to these effects, medical use of THC requires careful dosing. CBD, on the other hand, does not produce the same psychotropic effects as THC. Its mechanism involves multiple biological pathways and is not limited to the direct activation of CB1 receptors. A medication containing CBD has been approved for specific severe forms of epilepsy, but this does not mean all CBD products available on the market have proven medical benefits. In France, research on cannabis-based medicines is focused on specific situations where current treatments are ineffective, poorly tolerated, or provide insufficient relief. These include certain chronic neuropathic pains, drug-resistant epilepsies, painful spasticity caused by central nervous system damage, resistant symptoms in oncology, and advanced palliative care. The aim is not to replace existing treatments but to evaluate the balance between benefits and risks. Factors such as the composition of THC and CBD, the pharmaceutical form, dosage, drug interactions, and monitoring all influence this balance. As a result, two cannabis-derived products can have very different clinical profiles. Standardized products are essential in medicine, as they allow doctors to adjust doses gradually and identify potential side effects. Standardization also supports pharmacovigilance and the comparison of treatment outcomes among patients. As of September 2026, the permanent framework for therapeutic cannabis in France is not yet fully operational for new patients. A transitional period is in place for those previously enrolled in a national experiment. Releaf, a company offering cannabis-based treatments, has stated it will monitor this development before expanding its services in the country. Despite these regulatory challenges, scientific research continues to explore the potential of cannabis-based medicines. The process of transitioning from a promising molecule to an accessible treatment requires solid evidence, quality control, and a secure medical pathway to ensure safety and effectiveness.