Advanced biofuels are a new generation of fuels produced from waste materials such as agricultural and forestry residues, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Unlike first-generation biofuels, which are made from crops like corn, wheat, and sugarcane—often competing with food resources—advanced biofuels use waste that would otherwise go unused. These fuels are important in reducing fossil fuel use in the transport sector, especially as part of a broader strategy that includes electrification and synthetic fuels known as e-fuels. In 2025, France produced most of its ethanol from crops such as corn, wheat, and beets, with about half of the raw materials grown domestically. These biofuels, like SP95-E10 and B7, are blended with fossil fuels for use in vehicles. However, they are limited in their impact on carbon neutrality goals because they still rely on crops that could otherwise be used for food or animal feed. The European Union has set a cap of 7% on the use of these first-generation biofuels in the transport sector to prevent competition with food production. To meet the EU’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, member states, including France, must significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the transport sector, which contributes about 34% of national emissions. France has set a target to reduce emissions by 14.5% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. To achieve this, it is focusing on using less carbon-intensive fuels, such as advanced biofuels, which have a much lower carbon footprint—up to 90% less than traditional fossil fuels. Advanced biofuels are produced from waste materials like agricultural residues and industrial byproducts, which are listed in the European Union’s RED III directive as eligible resources. These fuels require new infrastructure to collect and process the biomass, often in large quantities. Despite the availability of proven technologies, such as those developed by the IFPEN, industrial deployment is still limited due to high costs and investment risks. However, projects like NACRE and BioTJet in France show progress in implementing these technologies, offering opportunities for reindustrialization and energy independence.