Scientists have uncovered evidence suggesting that black holes, regardless of their size, may launch powerful jets of energy according to a universal rule. This finding could help astronomers better predict when these dramatic events occur, improving the efficiency of future observations. The study, led by an international team of astronomers, shows that both supermassive black holes—millions of times more massive than the sun—and much smaller "stellar-mass" black holes, about ten times the sun’s mass, behave similarly when it comes to producing jets of high-energy particles.
The research focused on tidal disruption events, where a star passes too close to a supermassive black hole and is torn apart by intense gravitational forces. These rare events provide a unique opportunity to observe how black holes consume matter and behave afterward. Using data from telescopes across the world and in space, the team analyzed twenty such events, narrowing down to ten with the most reliable observations. They tracked the black holes’ feeding rates and the timing of powerful radio outflows, or jets, that sometimes follow these disruptions.
The analysis revealed that jets can form in two distinct phases. The first happens early, when the black hole is consuming material at an extremely high rate. The second occurs much later, hundreds to thousands of days after the star is destroyed. During this later phase, the feeding rate drops to about two percent of the Eddington limit, a critical threshold where the outward pressure of radiation balances the inward pull of gravity. This same two percent threshold is known to trigger jet production in smaller black holes within the Milky Way, suggesting a universal mechanism at work across vastly different black hole sizes.
This discovery may have practical applications for astronomers. If scientists can predict when a black hole is likely to produce a delayed jet, they can plan observations more effectively and increase their chances of catching these fleeting events. This could help maximize the use of high-demand telescopes and reduce unnecessary observations. The findings could be especially valuable for future observatories like the Square Kilometre Array, a massive radio telescope project expected to begin collecting data in 2028.
Universal Rule Governing Black Hole Jet Formation Discovered
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