Norwegian researchers are working on a new framework to minimize the impact of drones on wildlife. Ken Hellerud, a doctoral student and head engineer at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Gjøvik, explains that drones have been reported to provoke birds of prey, who may attack them when they feel threatened. Drones can also scare nesting birds away from their nests, and there is no doubt that flying drones can disturb wildlife. However, the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) points out that drones can be a useful tool for scientists to study seabirds with less disturbance than traditional methods. This is because NINA's drone pilots have detailed knowledge of local wildlife and species behavior. Hellerud notes that current drone guidelines are too general. While flying drones is banned in many protected areas, outside these zones, the rules only state that drones should not disturb wildlife. However, how this is enforced remains unclear. The level of disturbance a drone causes depends on various factors, including the type of drone, the wildlife species present, and how they react to the drone's movement. Studies have shown that different bird species react differently to drones. For example, eider ducks are not significantly affected by a drone flying 30 meters (98 feet) above them, but king penguins experience a noticeable increase in heart rate. The way a drone flies also plays a role, with ground-dwelling birds like the capercaillie reacting differently to flight patterns compared to smaller birds or birds of prey. Other factors, such as drone size, noise level, and the frequency of its signals, also influence how wildlife is affected. Although there is existing research on drone impacts, it often examines individual factors in isolation. There is limited information on how different drone types, flight methods, and animal responses are connected, or what long-term ecological effects drone use might have. Lizhen Huang, a professor at NTNU, is supervising Hellerud's research, which aims to create a simulation tool for drone pilots. This tool will combine existing knowledge into a practical model. The framework developed by Hellerud and Huang allows for translating ecological knowledge into technical data, which engineers can use to improve drone algorithms and simulation technology. Hellerud suggests that this simulation tool could be integrated into an interactive map, helping drone pilots understand the areas they will fly over. The map would be updated regularly, showing the likelihood of encountering different species at different times of the year. Pilots could input their drone model, allowing the system to provide tailored guidelines for safe flying. The impact of a drone depends on its size and capabilities, so a one-size-fits-all approach is not effective. Initially, the tool is aimed at the forestry and agricultural sectors, but the researchers believe it could eventually be used by private individuals. This could help drone tourists in places like Lofoten to explore nature without disturbing local wildlife or annoying residents.