Skulls show signs of violence

Forensic archaeologists have studied skulls from ancient London, uncovering evidence of decapitation and other violent injuries. These remains were found in pits near tanneries and a well along the Walbrook, dating back to 120 to 160 AD, when the Roman city of Londonium was at its peak.

Injuries suggest harsh lives

The skulls, all belonging to men aged 26 to 35, showed signs of trauma from blunt or sharp weapons. Fractured orbits, cheekbones, and lacerated faces were common, and eight of the skulls had old healed fractures. Over half showed recent multiple injuries, including broken or slashed jaws.

One skull shows decapitation

One skull was found alone and bore marks of cuts, suggesting it had been decapitated. The researchers noted that the number of skulls and the signs of decapitation might indicate that some were considered trophies, possibly by Roman soldiers.

Gladiator theory debated

The study's authors suggested the men might have been gladiators who died in the amphitheater of Londonium. However, Kathleen Coleman, a gladiator expert at Harvard, questioned this, suggesting the remains could be from victims of banditry or civil unrest. Ms. Redfern countered that there was no evidence of such events during the time the skulls were buried.

Other possibilities considered

The study also considered that the skulls might belong to executed criminals or war trophies collected by Roman soldiers. Ms. Redfern noted that the Roman army was known for head-hunting, and the number of skulls and signs of decapitation supported this idea.

Skulls show signs of animal activity

One of the skulls was found with marks suggesting it had been gnawed by a dog before being thrown into a well. Ms. Redfern emphasized that while the evidence of violence is clear, it is not strong enough to confirm any single theory, though it challenges common perceptions of Roman life.