Hybrid threats challenge Europe's security

Europe is facing a range of hybrid threats that go beyond traditional warfare, including suspected sabotage, cyberattacks, drone incidents, espionage, and disinformation campaigns. These challenges are compounded by the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, which has brought the possibility of conventional war back into focus.

Security needs more than military solutions

While governments and armed forces remain the primary providers of national defense, the nature of threats has evolved. Modern attacks often target the systems that support daily life, such as electricity, communications, and transportation, rather than traditional military targets.

Patterns of hybrid activity in Europe

Recent research by ACLED highlights a pattern of suspected Russian activity in Europe, involving 190 incidents between January 2022 and April 2025. These include drone overflights, sabotage, and cyberattacks, with Germany experiencing the most recorded incidents. Similar findings have been documented by GLOBSEC and the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, showing an increase in such activities since 2022.

Impact on everyday life and institutions

Many of these hybrid attacks do not directly target state apparatuses but instead aim to disrupt the systems on which societies rely. This can weaken trust in institutions and make democratic societies more vulnerable during crises. Therefore, Europe's defense strategy must also focus on the resilience of its citizens and communities.

Public support for European defense

Eurobarometer 2025 data shows that 81% of Europeans support a common defense and security policy among EU Member States, the highest since 2004. However, 78% of citizens are concerned about the EU's security and defense capabilities, highlighting the need for a shared approach to preparedness.

Role of citizens in security preparedness

While governments are responsible for defense and infrastructure, citizens also play a crucial role. They can maintain essential supplies for emergencies, check information before sharing it, and support local preparedness initiatives. These actions help build resilience without replacing the state's responsibilities.

Challenges in communicating preparedness

For decades, Europeans have relied on the state for security, but this is no longer sufficient. Governments must communicate threats honestly without causing unnecessary fear, while citizens need to be informed about realistic steps they can take. This balance is essential for effective preparedness.

Practical steps for preparedness

Europe already has examples of practical preparedness measures, such as Finland and Denmark promoting 72-hour household preparedness, and Sweden providing crisis-or-war guidance. These initiatives help turn anxiety into actionable steps, emphasizing the importance of community and individual preparedness.

European way of life and security

Protecting Europe involves more than defending its territory. It also requires safeguarding the social infrastructure that enables democratic life, such as trust, pluralism, and reliable information. A society that can function during disruption is more resilient against hybrid threats.

Moving toward a comprehensive security model

The EU is advancing a broader security model that combines military defense with civil preparedness. Initiatives like the Preparedness Union Strategy and the Union Civil Protection Mechanism reflect this approach, emphasizing cooperation, resource sharing, and democratic education to build a more resilient Europe.