Diversifying the types of trees, their ages, and the structure of forests could make them more resistant to fires and diseases. The Landes de Gascogne massif, the largest plantation forest in Europe covering nearly 800,000 hectares, is mostly made up of private forests dominated by maritime pine. This tree species thrives in the sandy, poorly fertile soils of the region, which are wet in spring and dry in summer. Maritime pine was widely planted in the 19th century after draining the local marshes, leading to large, uniform forest areas. The Landes de Gascogne has become highly vulnerable to wildfires, a problem worsened by human-induced climate change, which increases droughts and conditions that favor intense fires. These large-scale fires, known as "megafires," can overwhelm the natural ability of ecosystems to recover. The risk of fire depends on several factors, including the density of the trees, the flammability of the species, the presence of dry dead material, and the continuity of flammable fuels. In the Landes de Gascogne, maritime pine plantations initially have between 1,100 and 1,400 trees per hectare, which is gradually thinned to around 300 trees per hectare before the final harvest. This creates dense, uniform stands that support the spread of fire. Maritime pine needles are long and dry easily, containing flammable compounds that make them prone to burning. A layer of dry needles and plant debris can become highly flammable, and the uniformity of the forest, with trees planted at the same time, increases the spread of fire. In contrast, forests with a mix of tree species, varying ages, and different structures can reduce the spread of fires. These diverse forests create natural barriers that slow the spread of flames and help prevent small fires from becoming large crown fires. A more varied forest landscape is likely to offer more natural breaks than a uniform one. To reduce fire risk, several strategies can be used, such as planting a variety of tree species, varying the structure and age of the forest, maintaining continuous forest cover, strengthening fire defense systems, and managing flammable materials. Introducing less flammable deciduous trees like cork oaks in drier areas and warty birches in wetter regions can help. Creating a more varied forest structure with different tree ages and types can reduce fire spread. Maintaining continuous forest cover involves using selective logging instead of clear-cutting to preserve parts of the forest and trees of different ages. Strengthening fire defense systems includes creating zones with less flammable material through thinning pines, reducing fuels, and preserving less flammable deciduous trees. Managing flammable biomass involves reducing the most flammable materials in vulnerable areas while keeping some dead wood for biodiversity and nutrient cycles. These practices fall under ecoforestry, an approach that considers ecological conditions, natural disturbances, and historical variations in ecosystems. Unlike traditional intensive silviculture, which relies on uniform tree stands and fixed harvesting cycles, ecoforestry aims to balance forest production, biodiversity, and adaptation to environmental changes. Diversifying forests can also reduce vulnerability to pests like the pine processionary and pine nematode. In Aquitaine, the goal is not to replace the large pine forests but to gradually introduce more diversity and create a more varied landscape that supports biodiversity, carbon storage, and natural regeneration. However, fires cannot be completely eliminated, as over 97% of fires in France and Europe are caused by humans. While ecoforestry can reduce fire risk, it cannot prevent extreme fires that are primarily driven by rare meteorological conditions and forest layouts that promote fire spread.