A 115-year-old woman from Surrey, Ethel Caterham, has been officially recognized as the oldest living human. Her remarkable age has sparked interest in the factors that contribute to longevity. Researchers have been studying long-lived individuals to understand what habits may help people live longer, healthier lives. Among these factors, physical activity is a key component. Studies suggest that engaging in 75 minutes of brisk walking per week can increase life expectancy by about two years. In contrast, inactivity is linked to a higher risk of early death. To stay active, experts recommend standing up every 30 minutes and getting about 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Diet also plays a significant role in living a long and healthy life. Research shows that people who reach 70 years of age in good health often eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes, while consuming fewer trans-fats, red or processed meats, fried foods, and sugary foods. While the study does not promote a vegan diet, it highlights dietary trends linked to better health as people age. Animal studies on caloric restriction and intermittent fasting suggest these practices may extend lifespan, and some human studies have shown similar metabolic benefits, though more research is needed to confirm these effects in people. Quality sleep is another important factor in longevity. A large study of over 500,000 British people found that those with irregular sleep patterns had a 50 per cent higher risk of early death compared to those with regular sleep schedules. Shift workers, in particular, showed a higher risk of strokes, and nurses who worked rotating shifts for many years were less healthy and had earlier deaths at retirement compared to those who did not work shifts. The NHS recommends that adults get between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night, though individual needs can vary. Stress management and social connections also appear to influence longevity. Early-life stress can lead to increased inflammation and a higher risk of poor health and early death later in life. However, older adults who are more psychologically resilient to stress are less likely to die from any cause. Engaging in activities like yoga for eight weeks can improve psychological resilience in older adults. Social interaction is also linked to longer life—people over 65 who are socially active daily are three times more likely to live five additional years compared to those who rarely engage in social activities. While genetics can influence longevity, research suggests that only 20 to 40 per cent of a person's lifespan is determined by genetic factors. Some studies have found naturally occurring mutations in longevity-associated genes more common in long-lived individuals, but these do not guarantee extreme age. Ethel Caterham's daughters, for example, passed away before her, showing that good genetics are not a guarantee of living to an advanced age. While lifestyle choices can be controlled, genetic factors remain outside of individual influence.