High school protests are not new in France

French high school protests and student uprisings are not isolated events but part of a long history. Over the past sixty years, there have been about fifteen similar crises, each with unique characteristics but sharing common themes of social and educational discontent.

Educational expansion changed the landscape

The dramatic increase in the number of high school students since the mid-20th century has significantly altered the nature of these protests. In 1945, less than 5% of a generation obtained the baccalaureate, but today that figure is over 80%. This transformation is linked to the baby boom and the period of economic growth known as the "Thirty Glorious."

Historical context of student movements

The first major high school protests in 1966 were driven by opposition to the Vietnam War and the broader context of the Cold War. These movements were influenced by ideological debates, with critiques of capitalism and colonialism playing a central role. Over time, these protests evolved into what is now referred to as "leftism," which persists today in various forms.

Militants and resistance to reform

Student protests are often led by militants who organize through general assemblies and coordinate actions across institutions. This was evident in the 1971 Guiot affair, which sparked nationwide mobilizations. Similar patterns emerged with educational reforms, such as the Debré law in 1973 and later reforms by ministers like Joseph Fontanet and René Haby, which were met with resistance from students and teachers.

Economic shifts and education policies

The end of the "Thirty Glorious" era in the 1970s brought economic uncertainty, including the oil crisis and the rise of neoliberal policies. These shifts led to skepticism about education reforms that aligned with market demands, such as internships and employment contracts, which were often met with strikes and protests.

University access and elitism

Discontent over university admissions and the elitism of higher education institutions has also fueled protests. The 1986 Devaquet law, which aimed to grant universities more autonomy, was met with violent opposition and led to the resignation of the education minister. Despite this, elitist programs and grandes écoles continue to shape France's educational landscape.

Infrastructure and staffing issues

Poor school infrastructure and a lack of staff have long been sources of frustration. In the 1990s, ministers like Lionel Jospin and Claude Allègre faced protests over budget cuts and staffing. These issues persist today, with demands for better conditions and lighter workloads, even in the context of recent reforms.

New dynamics in 2026 protests

The 2026 school year protests introduced new elements, including the involvement of young media figures who challenge the validity of some protest actions. These demonstrations also took place in prestigious institutions, where students were not driven by immediate concerns about the future but by solidarity with less privileged peers.

Unanswered questions about education

The ongoing protests raise fundamental questions about the purpose and funding of education. While it is natural for students to seek answers to these challenges, it remains to be seen whether increased funding and better resources will be sufficient. Education, as emphasized by thinkers like Jean Duchesne, should prepare individuals to face realities and find meaning in life, even in adversity.