Saudi Arabia, abandoned by the US, seeks new allies as Iran and Houthi rebels threaten its security, with Europe emerging as a potential new protector.
Saudi Arabia's search for new allies
Saudi Arabia is increasingly looking for new partners as it feels abandoned by the United States and faces growing threats from Iran and the Houthi rebels in Yemen. With Donald Trump showing reluctance to support Saudi Arabia directly, Riyadh is exploring alternative alliances to ensure its security.Trump's hesitant response
Donald Trump's response to the Houthi attacks on the Riyadh airport in October 10 was cautious, with him stating the U.S. would "examine" the possibility of military intervention. This hesitation contrasts with the historically strong U.S.-Saudi military relationship, which has long provided Saudi Arabia with security guarantees.Historical U.S.-Saudi military ties
Since the Quincy Pact in 1945, the U.S. has been a key military partner for Saudi Arabia, providing the kingdom with equipment, bases, and the 5th Fleet to protect its interests. This partnership has been crucial in maintaining Saudi Arabia's security against regional threats like Iran.Abandonment and shifting alliances
The perception that the U.S. has abandoned Saudi Arabia has been growing, especially with Trump's reluctance to act in the 2026 conflict with the Houthi rebels. This has led Riyadh to consider new alliances, as the U.S. Central Command has struggled to protect Gulf countries from Iranian attacks.Strategic ambiguity with Israel
While an alliance with Israel might offer strategic benefits, Saudi Arabia remains cautious. Public opinion in Saudi Arabia is not supportive of closer ties with Israel, which could empower Iran to exploit regional tensions. Saudi leaders have thus maintained a strategic ambiguity toward Israel.Makkah Pact with Pakistan and Turkey
To fill the security gap left by the U.S., Saudi Arabia has formed the Makkah Pact with Pakistan and Turkey. This alliance aims to provide a defensive shield against regional threats, with Pakistan offering nuclear protection and Turkey contributing advanced military technology.Limitations of the Makkah Pact
Despite its ambitions, the Makkah Pact is limited in scope, focusing on defense rather than active intervention. Neither Pakistan nor Turkey has the capacity to project military power into Yemen or secure the Red Sea, which remains critical for Saudi oil exports.European interest in Gulf security
European countries, particularly France, are increasingly seen as potential new allies for Saudi Arabia. Their neutrality in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and their maritime capabilities make them attractive partners for securing the Red Sea and countering Houthi threats.Future of Gulf alliances
As Saudi Arabia seeks to replace the American security umbrella, the role of European powers and the viability of the Makkah Pact will be key. The search for reliable partners underscores the shifting dynamics of regional security and the growing importance of international cooperation in the Gulf.
