Israel's growing orthodox and nationalist movements reject Enlightenment values, advocating a return to traditional Jewish identity and rejecting Western influence.
Historical context of Jewish identity
For centuries, Jewish communities were subject to persecution and discrimination, often being blamed for religious reasons. This history shaped their identity and relationship with the wider world, influencing how they viewed their place in society and their religious practices.The establishment of the State of Israel
In 1948, the creation of the State of Israel marked a turning point for Jewish identity. Jews regained sovereignty, ending centuries of subjugation and allowing them to define their own destiny, free from the constraints of the diaspora.Diverging views on Western influence
Secular Jews in Israel embraced Western ideals of equality and democracy, seeing them as a path to integration with the broader world. In contrast, religious leaders viewed these values as foreign and sought to preserve distinct Jewish traditions and customs.Rejection of Enlightenment values
Following the Six-Day War in 1967, some religious leaders began to reject Enlightenment ideals, seeing them as a deviation from authentic Jewish ethics. This shift emphasized the belief that Jews are inherently different and superior, no longer needing to hide their distinctiveness.Ultra-Orthodox influence and societal impact
Ultra-Orthodox Jews, or Haredim, advocate for a society centered on religious study and traditional values. They often reject secular roles like military service, promoting a hierarchy where religious study is seen as the highest pursuit. These ideas have gradually influenced parts of Israeli society, especially nationalist and supremacist views.Religious-Zionist ideology
Religious-Zionists view the State of Israel as part of a divine plan, positioning themselves as future leaders of the Jewish people. Unlike Haredim, they are more politically engaged, seeking to shape the state according to their religious vision while rejecting Western ideals of equality and universal rights.Cultural conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has intensified the divide between religious and secular groups. Religious groups often justify violence using historical and religious references, portraying Palestinians as enemies akin to ancient adversaries. This has led to a growing acceptance of extreme measures in the name of religious duty.Post-October 7 sentiment
After the October 7 attacks, the idea of a powerful Israel has gained traction, influencing public sentiment. Ultra-Orthodox and religious-Zionist groups have become more radical in their stance toward Palestinians, often expressing a lack of compassion for civilian casualties. This has further polarized Israeli society.Diverging visions for Israel's future
Despite the rise of religious and nationalist ideologies, many Israelis still believe in the possibility of a Jewish and democratic state. They uphold the ideals of freedom, equality, and fraternity, seeing these as essential to Israel's identity and future.
