Propolis and allergic reactions

Products containing propolis, a resinous substance collected by bees from plants like poplars, can cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. This substance is commonly used in dietary supplements and cosmetics for its antiseptic and immune-boosting properties.

Risks of propolis exposure

The widespread use of propolis in various forms—such as creams, shampoos, and capsules—has increased the number of people exposed to it, raising the risk of allergic reactions. The National Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses) has warned of this growing concern.

Types of allergic reactions

Allergic reactions to propolis can be delayed, often appearing more than 48 hours after exposure, and typically manifest as contact dermatitis. However, immediate reactions such as hives, swelling, or even anaphylactic shock can also occur, sometimes with severe consequences.

Cases of severe allergies

Between 2009 and 2024, Anses studied 49 cases of propolis-related allergies, finding that seven involved life-threatening conditions, including one death. These cases highlight the potential severity of propolis allergies and the need for caution.

Factors increasing allergy risk

Two factors appear to increase the risk of allergic reactions to propolis. One is an allergy to compounds commonly found in propolis, such as pollen allergens or bee venom, or to substances like Peru balsam, which can cause cross-allergies.

Inflammation and irritation

The second factor is inflammation of the pharynx, which can heighten sensitivity to propolis. Individuals with a history of asthma or those using throat sprays containing propolis during a respiratory infection are at higher risk of severe reactions. Ethanol in these sprays may also contribute to the severity of symptoms.